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<a href="/seite.html" target="s_haupt">menue Gernot Matzenauer</a> <a href="/links.html">links Gernot Matzenauer</a> <a href="/diving.html" target="s_haupt">Diving</a> <a href="http://www.tauchturm.at" target="_blank">Tauchturm Tauchkurs Tauchschule Seiersberg Graz</a> <a href="http://www.kunstkeller.at" target="_blank">Theresa Kozmuth - Kunstkeller</a> VOLUME 1 - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 HISTORY OF DIVING 1-1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1-1.1 Purpose 1-1 1-1.2 Scope 1-1 1-1.3 Role of the U.S. Navy. 1-1 1-2 SURFACE-SUPPLIED AIR DIVING 1-1 1-2.1 Breathing Tubes 1-2 1-2.2 Breathing Bags. 1-3 1-2.3 Diving Bells. 1-3 1-2.4 Diving Dress Designs. 1-3 1-2.4.1 Lethbridge’s Diving Dress.1-3 1-2.4.2 Deane’s Patented Diving Dress.1-4 1-2.4.3 Siebe’s Improved Diving Dress.1-4 1-2.4.4 Salvage of the HMS Royal George..1-5 1-2.5 Caissons. 1-5 1-2.6 Physiological Discoveries. 1-6 1-2.6.1 Caisson Disease (Decompression Sickness).1-6 1-2.6.2 Inadequate Ventilation..1-7 1-2.6.3 Nitrogen Narcosis.1-7 1-2.7 Armored Diving Suits 1-7 1-2.8 MK V Deep-Sea Diving Dress 1-8 1-3 SCUBA DIVING. 1-8 1-3.1 Open-Circuit Scuba 1-9 1-3.1.1 Rouquayrol’s Demand Regulator.1-9 1-3.1.2 LePrieur’s Open-Circuit Scuba Design.1-9 1-3.1.3 Cousteau and Gagnan’s Aqua-Lung..1-10 1-3.1.4 Impact of Scuba on Diving.1-10 1-3.2 Closed-Circuit Scuba 1-10 1-3.2.1 Fleuss’ Closed-Circuit Scuba.1-10 1-3.2.2 Modern Closed-Circuit Systems.1-11 1-3.3 Hazards of Using Oxygen in Scuba 1-11 1-3.4 Semiclosed-Circuit Scuba 1-12 1-3.4.1 Lambertsen’s Mixed-Gas Rebreather.1-12 1-3.4.2 MK 6 UBA.1-12 1-3.5 Scuba Use During WorldWar II 1-13 1-3.5.1 Diver-Guided Torpedoes.1-13 1-3.5.2 U.S. Combat Swimming1-14 1-3.5.3 Underwater Demolition1-15 1-4 MIXED-GAS DIVING. 1-16 1-4.1 Nonsaturation Diving 1-16 1-4.1.1 Helium-Oxygen (HeO2) Diving1-16 1-4.1.2 Hydrogen-Oxygen Diving1-18 1-4.1.3 Modern Surface-Supplied Mixed-Gas Diving1-19 1-4.1.4 MK 1 MOD 0 Diving Outfit.1-20 1-4.2 Diving Bells 1-20 1-4.3 Saturation Diving 1-21 1-4.3.1 Advantages of Saturation Diving.1-21 1-4.3.2 Bond’s Saturation Theory1-22 1-4.3.3 Genesis Project.1-22 1-4.3.4 Developmental Testing1-22 1-4.3.5 Sealab Program1-22 1-4.4 Deep Diving Systems (DDS) 1-24 1-4.4.1 ADS-IV1-25 1-4.4.2 MK 1 MOD 0.1-25 1-4.4.3 MK 2 MOD 0.1-25 1-4.4.4 MK 2 MOD 1.1-26 1-5 SUBMARINE SALVAGE AND RESCUE 1-26 1-5.1 USS F-4 1-26 1-5.2 USS S-51. 1-27 1-5.3 USS S-4. 1-27 1-5.4 USS Squalus 1-28 1-5.5 USS Thresher 1-28 1-5.6 Deep Submergence Systems Project 1-29 1-6 SALVAGE DIVING 1-29 1-6.1 WorldWar II Era. 1-29 1-6.1.1 Pearl Harbor1-29 1-6.1.2 USS Lafayette.1-29 1-6.1.3 Other Diving Missions.1-30 1-6.2 Vietnam Era 1-30 1-7 OPEN-SEA DEEP DIVING RECORDS. 1-30 1-8 SUMMARY 1-31 2 UNDERWATER PHYSICS 2-1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 2-1.1 Purpose 2-1 2-1.2 Scope 2-1 2-2 PHYSICS 2-1 2-3 MATTER 2-1 2-3.1 Elements 2-1 2-3.2 Atoms 2-1 2-3.3 Molecules 2-1 2-3.4 The Three States of Matter 2-2 2-4 MEASUREMENT. 2-2 2-4.1 Measurement Systems. 2-2 2-4.2 Temperature Measurements 2-3 2-4.2.1 Kelvin Scale..2-3 2-4.2.2 Rankine Scale..2-3 2-4.3 Gas Measurements 2-3 2-5 ENERGY 2-4 2-5.1 Conservation of Energy 2-5 2-5.2 Classifications of Energy 2-5 2-6 LIGHT ENERGY IN DIVING 2-5 2-6.1 Refraction. 2-5 2-6.2 Turbidity ofWater 2-6 2-6.3 Diffusion 2-6 2-6.4 Color Visibility. 2-6 2-7 MECHANICAL ENERGY IN DIVING. 2-6 2-7.1 Water Temperature and Sound 2-7 2-7.2 Water Depth and Sound. 2-7 2-7.2.1 DiverWork and Noise..2-7 2-7.2.2 Pressure Waves..2-7 2-7.3 Underwater Explosions 2-8 2-7.3.1 Type of Explosive and Size of the Charge..2-8 2-7.3.2 Characteristics of the Seabed..2-8 2-7.3.3 Location of the Explosive Charge...2-8 2-7.3.4 Water Depth.2-8 2-7.3.5 Distance from the Explosion...2-8 2-7.3.6 Degree of Submersion of the Diver..2-9 2-7.3.7 Estimating Explosion Pressure on a Diver..2-9 2-7.3.8 Minimizing the Effects of an Explosion...2-10 2-8 HEAT ENERGY IN DIVING 2-10 2-8.1 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation 2-10 2-8.2 Heat Transfer Rate. 2-11 x Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual—Volumes 1 through 5 2-8.3 Diver Body Temperature 2-11 2-9 PRESSURE IN DIVING. 2-12 2-9.1 Atmospheric Pressure 2-12 2-9.2 Terms Used to Describe Gas Pressure 2-12 2-9.3 Hydrostatic Pressure 2-13 2-9.4 Buoyancy 2-13 2-9.4.1 Archimedes’ Principle.2-13 2-9.4.2 Diver Buoyancy.2-14 2-10 GASES IN DIVING 2-14 2-10.1 Atmospheric Air 2-14 2-10.2 Oxygen. 2-14 2-10.3 Nitrogen 2-15 2-10.4 Helium 2-15 2-10.5 Hydrogen 2-16 2-10.6 Neon. 2-16 2-10.7 Carbon Dioxide 2-16 2-10.8 Carbon Monoxide. 2-16 2-10.9 Kinetic Theory of Gases. 2-16 2-11 GAS LAWS 2-17 2-11.1 Boyle’s Law 2-17 2-11.2 Charles’/Gay-Lussac’s Law 2-19 2-11.3 The General Gas Law 2-21 2-12 GAS MIXTURES 2-24 2-12.1 Dalton’s Law. 2-25 2-12.1.1 Expressing Small Quantities of Pressure..2-27 2-12.1.2 Calculating Surface Equivalent Value.2-27 2-12.2 Gas Diffusion 2-27 2-12.3 Humidity. 2-28 2-12.4 Gases in Liquids. 2-28 2-12.5 Solubility. 2-28 2-12.6 Henry’s Law. 2-28 2-12.6.1 Gas Tension..2-28 2-12.6.2 Gas Absorption.2-29 2-12.6.3 Gas Solubility.2-29 3 UNDERWATER PHYSIOLOGY 3-1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3-1.1 Purpose 3-1 3-1.2 Scope 3-1 3-1.3 General. 3-1 3-2 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 3-1 3-3 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 3-2 3-3.1 Anatomy 3-2 3-3.1.1 The Heart..3-2 3-3.1.2 The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits..3-2 3-3.2 Circulatory Function 3-2 3-3.3 Blood Components. 3-3 3-4 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 3-5 3-4.1 Gas Exchange 3-5 3-4.2 Respiration Phases 3-5 3-4.3 Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract 3-6 3-4.4 The Respiratory Apparatus 3-6 3-4.4.1 The Chest Cavity..3-6 3-4.4.2 The Lungs..3-6 3-4.5 Respiratory Tract Ventilation Definitions 3-7 3-4.5.1 Respiratory Cycle..3-7 3-4.5.2 Respiratory Rate..3-8 3-4.5.3 Total Lung Capacity..3-8 3-4.5.4 Vital Capacity..3-8 3-4.5.5 Tidal Volume..3-8 3-4.5.6 RespiratoryMinute Volume..3-8 3-4.5.7 Maximal Breathing Capacity and Maximum Ventilatory Volume..3-9 3-4.5.8 Maximum Inspiratory Flow Rate and Maximum Expiratory Flow Rate..3-9 3-4.5.9 Respiratory Quotient..3-9 3-4.5.10 Respiratory Dead Space..3-9 3-4.6 Alveolar/Capillary Gas Exchange. 3-9 3-4.7 Breathing Control 3-10 3-4.8 Oxygen Consumption. 3-10 3-5 RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS IN DIVING 3-11 3-5.1 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia) 3-11 3-5.1.1 Causes of Hypoxia..3-13 3-5.1.2 Symptoms of Hypoxia..3-13 3-5.1.3 Treating Hypoxia..3-14 3-5.1.4 Preventing Hypoxia..3-14 3-5.2 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia) 3-15 3-5.2.1 Causes of Hypercapnia..3-15 3-5.2.2 Symptoms of Hypercapnia..3-15 3-5.2.3 Treating Hypercapnia...3-16 3-5.3 Asphyxia. 3-16 3-5.4 Breathing Resistance and Dyspnea. 3-17 3-5.4.1 Causes of Breathing Resistance.3-17 3-5.4.2 Preventing Dyspnea..3-18 3-5.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 3-18 3-5.5.1 Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.3-18 3-5.5.2 Treating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.3-19 3-5.5.3 Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.3-19 3-6 BREATHHOLDING AND UNCONSCIOUSNESS. 3-19 3-6.1 Breathhold Diving Restrictions. 3-19 3-6.2 Hazards of Breathhold Diving 3-19 3-7 HYPERVENTILATION. 3-20 3-7.1 Unintentional Hyperventilation 3-20 3-7.2 Voluntary Hyperventilation. 3-20 3-8 EFFECTS OF BAROTRAUMA AND PRESSURE ON THE HUMAN BODY 3-20 3-8.1 Conditions Leading to Barotrauma. 3-21 3-8.2 General Symptoms of Barotrauma. 3-21 3-8.3 Middle Ear Squeeze. 3-21 3-8.3.1 Preventing Middle Ear Squeeze.3-23 3-8.3.2 Treating Middle Ear Squeeze.3-23 3-8.4 Sinus Squeeze. 3-23 3-8.4.1 Causes of Sinus Squeeze.3-23 3-8.4.2 Preventing Sinus Squeeze..3-24 3-8.5 Tooth Squeeze (Barodontalgia) 3-24 3-8.6 External Ear Squeeze 3-24 3-8.7 Thoracic (Lung) Squeeze. 3-25 3-8.8 Face or Body Squeeze. 3-25 3-8.9 Middle Ear Overpressure (Reverse Middle Ear Squeeze). 3-25 3-8.10 Sinus Overpressure (Reverse Sinus Squeeze) 3-26 3-8.11 Overexpansion of the Stomach and Intestine 3-26 3-8.12 Inner Ear Dysfunction. 3-26 3-8.12.1 Vertigo.3-26 3-8.12.2 Inner Ear Barotrauma.3-27 3-9 PULMONARY OVERINFLATION SYNDROMES 3-28 3-9.1 Arterial Gas Embolism. 3-29 3-9.2 Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema. 3-30 3-9.3 Pneumothorax 3-30 3-10 INDIRECT EFFECTS OF PRESSURE 3-32 3-10.1 Nitrogen Narcosis 3-32 3-10.1.1 Symptoms of Narcosis..3-33 3-10.1.2 Susceptibility to Narcosis..3-33 3-10.2 Oxygen Toxicity 3-34 3-10.2.1 Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity..3-35 3-10.2.2 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity...3-35 3-10.2.3 CNS Convulsions..3-36 3-10.3 Absorption of Inert Gases. 3-38 3-10.4 Saturation of Tissues 3-38 3-10.4.1 Nitrogen Saturation Process..3-38 3-10.4.2 Other Inert Gases...3-40 3-10.5 Desaturation of Tissues 3-41 3-10.5.1 Saturation/Desaturation Differences..3-41 3-10.5.2 Bubble Formation...3-42 3-10.6 Decompression Sickness. 3-42 3-10.6.1 Direct Bubble Effects..3-42 3-10.6.2 Indirect Bubble Effects..3-43 3-10.6.3 Symptoms of Decompression Sickness..3-43 3-10.6.4 Treating Decompression Sickness...3-44 3-10.6.5 Preventing Decompression Sickness...3-44 3-10.7 High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS) 3-45 3-10.8 Compression Pains 3-45 3-11 PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDS FROM MUNITIONS 3-45 3-12 THERMAL PROBLEMS AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN DIVING 3-46 3-12.1 Regulating Body Temperature 3-47 3-12.2 Excessive Heat Loss (Hypothermia) 3-47 3-12.2.1 Internal Temperature Regulation..3-48 3-12.2.2 Effects of Exercise on Hypothermia..3-48 3-12.2.3 Symptoms of Hypothermia..3-48 3-12.3 Excessive Heat (Hyperthermia) 3-49 3-12.3.1 Heat Stress Factors..3-49 3-12.3.2 Acclimatization..3-50 3-12.3.3 Symptoms of Hyperthermia..3-50 3-12.3.4 Impact of Dive Time on Hyperthermia..3-50 3-12.3.5 Preventing Hyperthermia..3-51 3-12.4 Dehydration 3-51 3-12.4.1 Causes of Dehydration...3-52 3-12.4.2 Preventing Dehydration..3-52 3-12.5 Hypoglycemia. 3-52 3-12.5.1 Symptoms of Hypoglycemia...3-52 3-12.5.2 Causes of Hypoglycemia..3-52 3-12.5.3 Preventing Hypoglycemia...3-52 4 DIVE SYSTEMS 4-1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4-1.1 Purpose 4-1 4-1.2 Scope. 4-1 4-2 GENERAL INFORMATION. 4-1 4-2.1 Document Precedence. 4-1 4-2.2 Equipment Authorized For Navy Use (ANU) 4-1 4-2.3 SystemCertification Authority (SCA) 4-2 4-2.4 Planned Maintenance System 4-2 4-2.5 Alteration of Diving Equipment. 4-2 4-2.5.1 Technical Program Managers for Shore-Based Systems.4-2 4-2.5.2 Technical Program Managers for Other Diving Apparatus4-2 4-2.6 Operating and Emergency Procedures 4-2 4-2.6.1 Standardized OP/EPs.4-2 4-2.6.2 Non-standardized OP/EPs4-3 4-2.6.3 OP/EP Approval Process4-3 4-2.6.4 Format.4-3 4-2.6.5 Example4-4 4-3 DIVER’S BREATHING GAS PURITY STANDARDS 4-4 4-3.1 Diver’s Breathing Air 4-4 4-3.2 Diver’s Breathing Oxygen 4-4 4-3.3 Diver’s Breathing Helium 4-5 4-3.4 Diver’s Breathing Nitrogen 4-5 4-4 DIVER’S AIR SAMPLING PROGRAM 4-5 4-4.1 Maintenance Requirements 4-6 4-4.2 General Air Sampling Procedures 4-8 4-4.3 CSS Air Sampling Services 4-9 4-4.4 Local Air Sampling Services 4-10 4-5 DIVING COMPRESSORS. 4-10 4-5.1 Equipment Requirements. 4-10 4-5.2 Air Filtration System. 4-10 4-5.3 Lubrication 4-10 4-6 DIVING GAUGES 4-11 4-6.1 Selecting Diving System Guages. 4-11 4-6.2 Calibrating and Maintaining Gauges 4-11 4-6.3 Helical Bourdon Tube Gauges. 4-12 4-7 COMPRESSED GAS HANDLING AND STORAGE. 4-13 5 DIVE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5-1.1 Purpose 5-1 5-1.2 Scope 5-1 5-2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING SYSTEM 5-1 5-3 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING DOCUMENTS 5-1 5-4 COMMAND SMOOTH DIVING LOG 5-2 5-5 RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER LOG. 5-2 5-6 DIVER'S PERSONAL DIVE LOG 5-9 5-7 DIVING MISHAP/CASUALTY REPORTING. 5-9 5-8 EQUIPMENT FAILURE OR DEFICIENCY REPORTING 5-10 5-9 U.S. NAVY DIVE REPORTING SYSTEM (DRS) 5-10 5-10 ACCIDENT/INCIDENT EQUIPMENT INVESTIGATION REQUIREMENTS 5-11 5-11 REPORTING CRITERIA 5-11 5-12 ACTIONS REQUIRED. 5-12 5-12.1 Technical Manual Deficiency/Evaluation Report 5-13 5-12.2 Shipment of Equipment 5-13 1A SAFE DIVING DISTANCES FROM TRANSMITTING SONAR 1A-1 INTRODUCTION 1A-1 1A-2 BACKGROUND. 1A-1 1A-3 ACTION 1A-2 1A-4 SONAR DIVING DISTANCES WORKSHEETS WITH DIRECTIONS FOR USE 1A-2 1A-4.1 General Information/Introduction 1A-2 1A-4.1.1 Effects of Exposure.1A-2 1A-4.1.2 Suit and Hood Characteristics.1A-2 1A-4.1.3 In-Water Hearing vs. In-Gas Hearing1A-2 1A-4.2 Directions for Completing the Sonar Diving Distances Worksheet. 1A-3 1A-5 GUIDANCE FOR DIVER EXPOSURE TO LOW-FREQUENCY SONAR (160–320 Hz) 1A-16 1A-6 GUIDANCE FOR DIVER EXPOSURE TO ULTRASONIC SONAR (250 KHz AND GREATER) 1A-16 1B REFERENCES 1C TELEPHONE NUMBERS 1D LIST OF ACRONYMS 6 OPERATIONAL PLANNING 6-1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 6-1.1 Purpose.. 6-1 6-1.2 Scope. 6-1 6-2 GENERAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 6-1 6-2.1 Identifying Available Resources. 6-1 6-3 DEFINE MISSION OBJECTIVE 6-2 6-4 IDENTIFY OPERATIONAL TASKS. 6-2 6-4.1 Underwater Ship Husbandry (UWSH).. 6-2 6-4.1.1 Objective of UWSH Operations6-2 6-4.1.2 Repair Requirements6-2 6-4.1.3 Diver Training and Qualification Requirements6-3 6-4.1.4 Training Program Requirements.6-3 6-4.2 Salvage/Object Recovery. 6-3 6-4.3 Search Missions. 6-3 6-4.4 Security Swims. 6-4 6-4.5 Explosive Ordnance Disposal 6-4 6-4.6 Underwater Construction 6-5 6-4.6.1 Diver Training and Qualification Requirements6-5 6-4.6.2 Equipment Requirements6-5 6-4.6.3 Underwater Construction Planning Resources6-5 6-4.7 Demolition Missions. 6-6 6-4.8 Combat Swimmer Missions 6-6 6-4.9 Enclosed Space Diving 6-6 6-5 COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA. 6-6 6-5.1 Information Gathering 6-7 6-5.2 Planning Data. 6-7 6-5.2.1 Object Recovery6-7 6-5.2.2 Searching for Objects or Underwater Sites.6-7 6-5.2.3 Identifying Operational Hazards6-8 6-5.3 Data Required for All Diving Operations. 6-8 6-5.3.1 Surface Conditions6-9 6-5.3.2 Natural Factors.6-9 6-5.3.3 Depth..6-13 6-5.3.4 Type of Bottom.6-13 6-5.3.5 Tides and Currents.6-14 6-6 IDENTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL HAZARDS 6-15 6-6.1 Underwater Visibility. 6-15 6-6.2 Temperature. 6-15 6-6.3 WarmWater Diving 6-15 6-6.3.1 Operational Guidelines and Safety Precautions.6-17 6-6.3.2 Mission Planning Factors.6-18 6-6.4 ContaminatedWater 6-19 6-6.5 Chemical Contamination 6-19 6-6.6 Biological Contamination 6-19 6-6.7 Altitude Diving 6-20 6-6.8 Underwater Obstacles 6-20 6-6.9 Electrical Shock Hazards 6-20 6-6.9.1 Reducing Electrical Shock Hazards..6-21 6-6.9.2 Securing Electrical Equipment..6-21 6-6.10 Explosions 6-22 6-6.11 Sonar 6-22 6-6.12 Nuclear Radiation. 6-22 6-6.13 Marine Life 6-22 6-6.14 Vessel and Small Boat Traffic 6-22 6-6.15 TerritorialWaters 6-24 6-7 SELECT DIVING TECHNIQUE 6-24 6-7.1 Factors to Consider when Selecting the Diving Technique 6-24 6-7.2 Operational Characteristics of Scuba. 6-25 6-7.2.1 Mobility.6-25 6-7.2.2 Buoyancy..6-27 6-7.2.3 Portability..6-27 6-7.2.4 Operational Limitations.6-27 6-7.2.5 Environmental Protection.6-27 6-7.3 Operational Characteristics of SSDS 6-27 6-7.3.1 Mobility.6-27 6-7.3.2 Buoyancy..6-27 6-7.3.3 Operational Limitations.6-27 6-7.3.4 Environmental Protection.6-27 6-8 SELECT EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES. 6-27 6-8.1 Equipment Authorized for Navy Use 6-27 6-8.2 Air Supply 6-28 6-8.3 Diving Craft and Platforms 6-28 6-8.3.1 Deep-Sea Salvage/Rescue Diving Platforms.6-28 6-8.3.2 Small Craft6-29 6-9 SELECT AND ASSEMBLE THE DIVING TEAM 6-29 6-9.1 Manning Levels 6-29 6-9.2 Commanding Officer 6-29 6-9.3 Diving Officer 6-30 6-9.3.1 Command Diving Officer.6-30 6-9.3.2 Watchstation Diving Officer.6-30 6-9.4 Master Diver. 6-32 6-9.4.1 Master Diver Responsibilities..6-32 6-9.4.2 Master Diver Qualifications.6-32 6-9.5 Diving Supervisor. 6-32 6-9.5.1 Predive Responsibilities6-33 6-9.5.2 Responsibilities While Operation is Underway6-33 6-9.5.3 Postdive Responsibilities6-33 6-9.5.4 Diving Supervisor Qualifications6-33 6-9.6 Diving Medical Officer 6-33 6-9.7 Diving Personnel 6-34 6-9.7.1 Diving Personnel Responsibilities.6-34 6-9.7.2 Diving Personnel Qualifications6-34 6-9.8 Standby Diver. 6-34 6-9.8.1 Standby Diver Qualifications.6-34 6-9.8.2 Deploying the Standby Diver as a Working Diver6-35 6-9.9 Buddy Diver 6-35 6-9.10 Diver Tender 6-35 6-9.10.1 Diver Tender Responsibilities.6-35 6-9.10.2 Diver Tender Qualifications.6-35 6-9.11 Recorder 6-36 6-9.12 Medical Personnel 6-36 6-9.13 Other Support Personnel 6-36 6-9.14 Cross-Training and Substitution. 6-36 6-9.15 Physical Condition.. 6-37 6-9.16 Underwater Salvage or Construction Demolition Personnel.. 6-37 6-9.16.1 Blasting Plan.6-37 6-9.16.2 Explosive Handlers.6-37 6-10 OSHA REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S. NAVY CIVILIAN DIVING 6-38 6-10.1 Scuba Diving (Air) Restriction 6-38 6-10.2 Surface-Supplied Air Diving Restrictions 6-38 6-10.3 Mixed-Gas Diving Restrictions. 6-38 6-10.4 Recompression Chamber Requirements. 6-39 6-11 ORGANIZE AND SCHEDULE OPERATIONS 6-39 6-11.1 Task Planning and Scheduling. 6-39 6-11.2 Postdive Tasks. 6-40 6-12 BRIEF THE DIVING TEAM 6-40 6-12.1 Establish Mission Objective.. 6-40 6-12.2 Identify Tasks and Procedures. 6-40 6-12.3 Review Diving Procedures. 6-40 6-12.4 Assignment of Personnel. 6-41 6-12.5 Assistance and Emergencies. 6-41 6-12.5.1 Notification of Ship's Personnel..6-41 6-12.5.2 Fouling and Entrapment..6-41 6-12.5.3 Equipment Failure..6-52 6-12.5.4 Lost Diver..6-53 6-12.5.5 Debriefing the Diving Team..6-53 6-13 AIR DIVING EQUIPMENT REFERENCE DATA 6-53 7 SCUBA AIR DIVING OPERATIONS 7-1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7-1.1 Purpose 7-1 7-1.2 Scope 7-1 7-2 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS. 7-1 7-2.1 Equipment Authorized for Navy Use 7-2 7-2.2 Open-Circuit Scuba 7-2 7-2.2.1 Demand Regulator Assembly...7-2 7-2.2.2 Cylinders..7-4 7-2.2.3 Cylinder Valves and Manifold Assemblies..7-6 7-2.2.4 Backpack or Harness.7-7 7-2.3 Minimum Equipment. 7-7 7-2.3.1 Face Mask..7-7 7-2.3.2 Life Preserver.7-7 7-2.3.3 Buoyancy Compensator...7-8 7-2.3.4 Weight Belt.7-9 7-2.3.5 Knife.7-9 7-2.3.6 Swim Fins.7-9 7-2.3.7 WristWatch..7-10 7-2.3.8 Depth Gauge.7-10 7-3 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS 7-10 7-3.1 Protective Clothing 7-11 7-3.1.1 Wet Suits..7-11 7-3.1.2 Dry Suits...7-12 7-3.1.3 Gloves..7-12 7-3.1.4 Writing Slate7-12 7-3.1.5 Signal Flare.7-12 7-3.1.6 Acoustic Beacons7-12 7-3.1.7 Lines and Floats7-13 7-3.1.8 Snorkel7-13 7-3.1.9 Compass.7-13 7-3.1.10 Submersible Cylinder Pressure Gauge.7-13 7-4 AIR SUPPLY 7-13 7-4.1 Duration of Air Supply 7-14 7-4.2 Compressed Air from Commercial Sources. 7-16 7-4.3 Methods for Charging Scuba Cylinders 7-17 7-4.4 Operating Procedures for Charging Scuba Tanks 7-18 7-4.4.1 Topping off the Scuba Cylinder.7-19 7-4.5 Safety Precautions for Charging and Handling Cylinders 7-20 7-5 PREDIVE PROCEDURES. 7-21 7-5.1 Equipment Preparation 7-21 7-5.1.1 Air Cylinders7-21 7-5.1.2 Harness Straps and Backpack7-22 7-5.1.3 Breathing Hoses7-22 7-5.1.4 Regulator7-22 7-5.1.5 Life Preserver/Buoyancy Compensator (BC)7-22 7-5.1.6 Face Mask7-23 7-5.1.7 Swim Fins7-23 7-5.1.8 Dive Knife7-23 7-5.1.9 Snorkel7-23 7-5.1.10 Weight Belt7-23 7-5.1.11 Submersible WristWatch7-23 7-5.1.12 Depth Gauge and Compass7-23 7-5.1.13 Miscellaneous Equipment7-24 7-5.2 Diver Preparation and Brief 7-24 7-5.3 Donning Gear. 7-24 7-5.4 Predive Inspection 7-25 7-6 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT 7-26 7-6.1 Water Entry 7-26 7-6.1.1 Step-In Method7-28 7-6.1.2 Rear RollMethod7-28 7-6.1.3 Entering theWater fromthe Beach.7-28 7-6.2 Predescent Surface Check 7-28 7-6.3 Surface Swimming. 7-29 7-6.4 Descent 7-29 7-7 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES. 7-30 7-7.1 Breathing Technique 7-30 7-7.2 Mask Clearing 7-30 7-7.3 Hose and Mouthpiece Clearing 7-30 7-7.4 Swimming Technique. 7-31 7-7.5 Diver Communications 7-31 7-7.5.1 Through-Water Communication Systems.7-32 7-7.5.2 Hand and Line-Pull Signals.7-32 7-7.6 Buddy Diver Responsibilities 7-32 7-7.7 Buddy Breathing Procedure 7-35 7-7.8 Tending 7-36 7-7.8.1 Tending with a Surface or Buddy Line.7-36 7-7.8.2 Tending with No Surface Line.7-37 7-7.9 Working with Tools. 7-37 7-7.10 Adapting to Underwater Conditions 7-37 7-8 ASCENT PROCEDURES 7-38 7-8.1 Emergency Free-Ascent Procedures 7-38 7-8.2 Ascent From Under a Vessel 7-39 7-8.3 Decompression 7-39 7-8.4 Surfacing and Leaving the Water 7-40 7-9 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES 7-40 8 SURFACE-SUPPLIED AIR DIVING OPERATIONS 8-1 INTRODUCTION 8-1 8-1.1 Purpose 8-1 8-1.2 Scope 8-1 8-2 MK 21 MOD 1 8-1 8-2.1 Operation and Maintenance 8-1 8-2.2 Air Supply 8-1 8-2.2.1 Emergency Gas Supply Requirements.8-2 8-2.2.2 Flow Requirements.8-3 8-2.2.3 Pressure Requirements..8-4 8-3 MK 20 MOD 0 8-7 8-3.1 Operation and Maintenance 8-7 8-3.2 Air Supply 8-7 8-3.2.1 EGS Requirements for MK 20 MOD 0 Enclosed-Space Diving.8-7 8-3.2.2 EGS Requirements for MK 20 MOD 0 Open Water Diving.8-8 8-3.2.3 Flow Requirements.8-8 8-4 EXO BR MS. 8-8 8-4.1 EXO BR MS 8-8 8-4.2 Operations and Maintenance. 8-8 8-4.3 Air Supply. 8-8 8-4.4 EGS Requirements for EXO BR MS 8-8 8-4.5 Flow and Pressure Requirements 8-9 8-5 PORTABLE SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING SYSTEMS 8-9 8-5.1 MK 3 MOD 0 Lightweight Dive System (LWDS) 8-9 8-5.1.1 MK 3 MOD 0 Configuration 1..8-9 8-5.1.2 MK 3 MOD 0 Configuration 2..8-10 8-5.1.3 MK 3 MOD 0 Configuration 3..8-10 8-5.2 MK 3 MOD 1 Lightweight Dive System 8-10 8-5.3 ROPER Diving Cart 8-10 8-5.4 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) I 8-13 8-5.5 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) II. 8-13 8-5.6 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) III 8-15 8-6 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING 8-15 8-7 SURFACE AIR SUPPLY SYSTEMS. 8-16 8-7.1 Requirements for Air Supply 8-16 8-7.1.1 Air Purity Standards8-16 8-7.1.2 Air Supply Flow Requirements8-17 8-7.1.3 Supply Pressure Requirements.8-17 8-7.1.4 Water Vapor Control.8-18 8-7.1.5 Standby Diver Air Requirements.8-18 8-7.2 Primary and Secondary Air Supply 8-18 8-7.2.1 Requirements for Operating Procedures and Emergency Procedures.8-18 8-7.2.2 Air Compressors.8-19 8-7.2.3 High-Pressure Air Cylinders and Flasks8-22 8-7.2.4 Shipboard Air Systems.8-23 8-8 DIVER COMMUNICATIONS 8-23 8-8.1 Diver Intercommunication Systems 8-23 8-8.2 Line-Pull Signals 8-24 8-9 PREDIVE PROCEDURES. 8-26 8-9.1 Predive Checklist 8-26 8-9.2 Diving Station Preparation 8-26 8-9.3 Air Supply Preparation 8-26 8-9.4 Line Preparation. 8-26 8-9.5 Recompression Chamber Inspection and Preparation 8-26 8-9.6 Predive Inspection 8-26 8-9.7 Donning Gear. 8-26 8-9.8 Diving Supervisor Predive Checklist 8-26 8-10 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT. 8-27 8-10.1 Predescent Surface Check. 8-27 8-10.2 Descent 8-27 8-11 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES 8-28 8-11.1 Adapting to Underwater Conditions 8-28 8-11.2 Movement on the Bottom. 8-28 8-11.3 Searching on the Bottom 8-29 8-11.4 Enclosed Space Diving 8-30 8-11.4.1 Enclosed Space Hazards.8-30 8-11.4.2 Enclosed Space Safety Precautions.8-30 8-11.5 Working Around Corners 8-31 8-11.6 Working Inside a Wreck 8-31 8-11.7 WorkingWith or Near Lines orMoorings 8-31 8-11.8 BottomChecks. 8-32 8-11.9 Job Site Procedures 8-32 8-11.9.1 Underwater Ship Husbandry Procedures.8-32 8-11.9.2 Working with Tools.8-32 8-11.10 Safety Procedures 8-33 8-11.10.1 Fouled Umbilical Lines.8-33 8-11.10.2 Fouled Descent Lines.8-33 8-11.10.3 Falling.8-33 8-11.10.4 Damage to Helmet and Diving Dress.8-33 8-11.11 Tending the Diver 8-34 8-11.12 Monitoring the Diver’s Movements. 8-34 8-12 ASCENT PROCEDURES 8-35 8-13 SURFACE DECOMPRESSION. 8-36 8-13.1 Disadvantages of In-Water Decompression. 8-36 8-13.2 Transferring a Diver to the Chamber 8-37 8-14 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES. 8-37 8-14.1 Personnel and Reporting 8-37 8-14.2 Equipment 8-37 9 AIR DECOMPRESSION 9-1 INTRODUCTION 9-1 9-1.1 Purpose 9-1 9-1.2 Scope 9-1 9-2 THEORY OF DECOMPRESSION 9-1 9-3 AIR DECOMPRESSION DEFINITIONS 9-2 9-3.1 Descent Time. 9-2 9-3.2 Bottom Time. 9-2 9-3.3 Decompression Table 9-2 9-3.4 Decompression Schedule 9-2 9-3.5 Decompression Stop 9-2 9-3.6 Depth.. 9-2 9-3.7 Equivalent Single Dive Bottom Time 9-3 9-3.8 Unlimited/No-Decompression (No “D”) Limit 9-3 9-3.9 Repetitive Dive. 9-3 9-3.10 Repetitive Group Designation 9-3 9-3.11 Residual Nitrogen. 9-3 9-3.12 Residual Nitrogen Time 9-3 9-3.13 Single Dive. 9-3 9-3.14 Single Repetitive Dive 9-3 9-3.15 Surface Interval 9-3 9-4 DIVE RECORDING 9-3 9-5 TABLE SELECTION 9-5 9-5.1 Decompression Tables Available. 9-5 9-5.2 Selection of Decompression Schedule 9-6 9-6 ASCENT PROCEDURES 9-7 9-6.1 Rules During Ascent. 9-7 9-6.1.1 Ascent Rate9-7 9-6.1.2 Decompression Stop Time..9-7 9-6.2 Variations in Rate of Ascent. 9-8 9-6.2.1 Delays in Arriving at the First Stop9-8 9-6.2.2 Travel Rate Exceeded9-11 9-7 UNLIMITED/NO-DECOMPRESSION LIMITS AND REPETITIVE GROUP DESIGNATION TABLE FOR UNLIMITED/NO-DECOMPRESSION AIR DIVES 9-11 9-7.1 Example. 9-11 9-7.2 Solution. 9-11 9-8 U.S. NAVY STANDARD AIR DECOMPRESSION TABLE 9-12 9-8.1 Example. 9-12 9-8.2 Solution. 9-14 9-9 REPETITIVE DIVES 9-14 9-9.1 Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives 9-14 9-9.1.1 Example..9-18 9-9.1.2 RNT Exception Rule.9-22 9-10 SURFACE DECOMPRESSION 9-22 9-10.1 Surface Decompression Table Using Oxygen 9-22 9-10.1.1 Example..9-23 9-10.1.2 Loss of Oxygen Supply in the Chamber (40-fsw Chamber Stop).9-23 9-10.1.3 CNS Oxygen Toxicity (40-fsw Chamber Stop).9-25 9-10.1.4 Repetitive Dives..9-25 9-10.2 Surface Decompression Table Using Air 9-27 9-10.2.1 Example..9-31 9-10.2.2 Solution..9-31 9-10.2.3 Repetitive Dives.9-31 9-11 EXCEPTIONAL EXPOSURE DIVES 9-31 9-11.1 Surface Decompression Procedures for Exceptional Exposure Dives. 9-31 9-11.1.1 If oxygen is available at the 30 fsw stop in the water:.9-36 9-11.1.2 If no oxygen is available at the 30 fsw stop in the water:.9-36 9-11.2 Oxygen System Failure (Chamber Stop). 9-37 9-12 DIVING AT HIGH ALTITUDES 9-37 9-12.1 Altitude Correction Procedure. 9-37 9-12.1.1 Correction of Depth of Dive..9-37 9-12.1.2 Correction for Decompression Stop Depths...9-38 9-12.2 Need for Correction. 9-38 9-12.3 Depth Measurement at Altitude.. 9-40 9-12.4 Equilibration at Altitude. 9-40 9-12.5 Diving At Altitude Worksheet.. 9-41 9-12.5.1 Corrections for Depth of Dive at Altitude and In-Water Stops..9-41 9-12.5.2 Corrections for Equilibration..9-43 9-12.6 Repetitive Dives. 9-44 9-13 ASCENT TO ALTITUDE AFTER DIVING/FLYING AFTER DIVING.. 9-45 10 NITROGEN-OXYGEN DIVING OPERATIONS 10-1 INTRODUCTION 10-1 10-1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of NITROX Diving 10-1 10-2 EQUIVALENT AIR DEPTH 10-1 10-2.1 Equivalent Air Depth Calculation 10-2 10-3 OXYGEN TOXICITY 10-2 10-3.1 Selecting the Proper NITROX Mixture 10-3 10-4 NITROX DIVING PROCEDURES 10-3 10-4.1 NITROX Diving Using Equivalent Air Depths. 10-3 10-4.2 Scuba Operations. 10-4 10-4.3 Special Procedures.. 10-5 10-4.4 Omitted Decompression. 10-5 10-4.5 Dives Exceeding the Normal Working Limit. 10-5 10-5 NITROX REPETITIVE DIVING 10-5 10-6 NITROX DIVE CHARTING 10-5 10-7 FLEET TRAINING FOR NITROX 10-7 10-8 NITROX DIVING EQUIPMENT 10-7 10-8.1 Open-Circuit Scuba Systems. 10-7 10-8.1.1 Regulators.10-7 10-8.1.2 Bottles.10-8 10-8.2 General 10-8 10-8.3 Surface-Supplied NITROX Diving 10-8 10-9 EQUIPMENT CLEANLINESS. 10-8 10-10 BREATHING GAS PURITY. 10-9 10-11 NITROX MIXING 10-9 10-12 NITROX MIXING, BLENDING, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS 10-12 11 ICE AND COLD WATER DIVING OPERATIONS 11-1 INTRODUCTION 11-1 11-1.1 Purpose.. 11-1 11-1.2 Scope. 11-1 11-2 OPERATIONS PLANNING 11-1 11-2.1 Planning Guidelines 11-1 11-2.2 Navigational Considerations 11-1 11-2.3 Scuba Considerations 11-2 11-2.4 Scuba Regulators. 11-2 11-2.4.1 Special Precautions.11-3 11-2.4.2 Octopus and Redundant Regulators.11-3 11-2.5 Life Preserver. 11-3 11-2.6 Face Mask 11-4 11-2.7 Scuba Equipment. 11-4 11-2.8 Surface-Supplied Diving System (SSDS) Considerations 11-4 11-2.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of SSDS..11-4 11-2.8.2 Effect of Ice Conditions on SSDS.11-5 11-2.9 Suit Selection 11-5 11-2.9.1 Wet Suits..11-5 11-2.9.2 Variable Volume Dry Suits.11-6 11-2.9.3 Extreme Exposure Suits/HotWater Suits.11-6 11-2.10 Clothing 11-6 11-2.11 Ancillary Equipment 11-7 11-2.12 Dive Site Shelter. 11-7 11-3 PREDIVE PROCEDURES. 11-7 11-3.1 Personnel Considerations 11-7 11-3.2 Dive Site Selection Considerations 11-7 11-3.3 Shelter 11-8 11-3.4 Entry Hole. 11-8 11-3.5 Escape Holes. 11-8 11-3.6 Navigation Lines. 11-8 11-3.7 Lifelines 11-8 11-3.8 Equipment Preparation. 11-9 11-4 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES 11-9 11-4.1 Buddy Diving 11-9 11-4.2 Tending the Diver 11-10 11-4.3 Standby Diver. 11-10 11-5 OPERATING PRECAUTIONS. 11-10 11-5.1 General Precautions. 11-10 11-5.2 Ice Conditions. 11-11 11-5.3 Dressing Precautions 11-11 11-5.4 On-Surface Precautions. 11-11 11-5.5 In-Water Precautions.. 11-12 11-5.6 Postdive Precautions 11-12 11-6 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 11-13 11-6.1 Lost Diver 11-13 11-6.2 Searching for a Lost Diver 11-13 11-6.3 Hypothermia. 11-13 11-7 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 11-14 12 MIXED-GAS DIVING THEORY 12-1 INTRODUCTION 12-1 xxviii Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual—Volumes 1 through 5 12-1.1 Purpose.. 12-1 12-1.2 Scope. 12-1 12-2 BOYLE’S LAW 12-1 12-3 CHARLES’/GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW 12-4 12-4 THE GENERAL GAS LAW. 12-7 12-5 DALTON’S LAW 12-11 12-6 HENRY’S LAW 12-14 13 MIXED GAS OPERATIONAL PLANNING 13-1 INTRODUCTION 13-1 13-1.1 Purpose.. 13-1 13-1.2 Scope. 13-1 13-1.3 Additional Sources of Information. 13-1 13-1.4 Complexity of Mixed Gas Diving. 13-1 13-1.5 Medical Considerations 13-1 13-2 ESTABLISH OPERATIONAL TASKS. 13-2 13-3 SELECT DIVING METHOD AND EQUIPMENT 13-2 13-3.1 Mixed Gas Diving Methods 13-3 13-3.2 Method Considerations 13-3 13-3.3 Depth 13-3 13-3.4 Bottom Time Requirements 13-4 13-3.5 Environment. 13-4 13-3.6 Mobility. 13-5 13-3.7 Equipment Selection. 13-5 13-3.8 Operational Characteristics.. 13-6 13-3.9 Support Equipment and ROVs. 13-6 13-3.9.1 Types of ROV.13-7 13-3.9.2 ROV Capabilities.13-7 13-3.10 Diver’s Breathing Gas Requirements. 13-7 13-3.10.1 Gas Consumption Rates.13-8 13-3.10.2 Surface Supplied Diving Requirements.13-8 13-3.10.3 Deep Diving System Requirements.13-8 13-4 SELECTING AND ASSEMBLING THE DIVE TEAM 13-8 13-4.1 Diver Training. 13-8 13-4.2 Personnel Requirements 13-9 13-4.3 Diver Fatigue 13-9 13-5 BRIEFING THE DIVE TEAM. 13-9 13-6 FINAL PREPARATIONS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 13-11 13-7 RECORD KEEPING 13-11 13-8 MIXED GAS DIVING EQUIPMENT 13-11 13-8.1 Minimum Required Equipment. 13-12 13-8.2 MK 21 MOD 1 and EXO BR MS Surface Supplied Helium-Oxygen Description 13-12 13-8.3 Flyaway Dive System III Mixed Gas System (FMGS) 13-13 14 SURFACE SUPPLIED MIXED GAS DIVING PROCEDURES 14-1 INTRODUCTION 14-1 14-1.1 Purpose 14-1 14-1.2 Scope 14-1 14-2 PLANNING THE OPERATION 14-1 14-2.1 Depth and Exposure Limits 14-1 14-2.2 Ascent to Altitude 14-1 14-2.3 Water Temperature 14-2 14-2.4 Gas Mixtures 14-2 14-2.5 Emergency Gas Supply 14-2 14-3 SURFACE SUPPLIED HELIUM OXYGEN DESCENT AND ASCENT PROCEDURES. 14-2 14-3.1 Selecting the Bottom Mix 14-2 14-3.2 Selecting the Decompression Schedule. 14-3 14-3.3 Travel Rates. 14-3 14-3.4 Decompression Breathing Gases. 14-3 14-3.5 Special Procedures for Descent with Less than 16 Percent Oxygen 14-3 14-3.6 Aborting Dive During Descent 14-4 14-3.7 Procedures for Shifting to 50 Percent Helium/50 Percent Oxygen at 90 fsw. 14-5 14-3.8 Procedures for Shifting to 100 Percent Oxygen at 30 fsw 14-5 14-3.9 30 fsw and 20 fsw Water Stops 14-5 14-3.10 Ascent from the 20 fswWater Stop 14-6 14-3.11 Surface Decompression Procedures (SUR D) 14-6 14-3.12 Variation in Rate of Ascent. 14-7 14-3.12.1 If the divers arrive early at the first stop:.14-7 14-3.12.2 Delays in Arriving at the First Stop.14-7 14-3.12.3 Delays in Leaving a Stop or Arrival at the Next Stop.14-8 14-3.12.4 Delays in Travel from 40 fsw to the Surface for Surface Decompression.14-8 14-4 SURFACE SUPPLIED HELIUM OXYGEN EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. 14-9 14-4.1 Bottom Time in Excess of the Table 14-9 14-4.2 Loss of Helium Oxygen Supply on the Bottom. 14-9 14-4.3 Loss of 50 Percent Oxygen Supply During In-Water Decompression 14-10 14-4.4 Loss of Oxygen Supply During In-Water Decompression 14-10 14-4.5 Loss of Oxygen Supply in the Chamber During Surface Decompression 14-11 14-4.6 Decompression Gas Supply Contamination 14-11 14-4.7 CNS Oxygen Toxicity Symptoms (Nonconvulsive) at the 90-60 fsw Water Stops 14-12 14-4.8 Oxygen Convulsion at the 90-60 fsw Water Stop. 14-12 14-4.9 CNS Oxygen Toxicity Systems (Nonconvulsive) at 30 and 20 fsw Water Stops 14-13 14-4.10 Oxygen Convulsion at the 30 and 20 fsw Water Stop 14-14 14-4.11 Oxygen Toxicity Symptoms in the Chamber 14-14 14-4.12 Asymptomatic Omitted Decompression. 14-14 14-4.12.1 Blowup from a Depth Greater Than 50 fsw.14-14 14-4.13 Symptomatic Omitted Decompression. 14-15 14-4.14 Light Headed or Dizzy Diver on the Bottom. 14-16 14-4.14.1 Initial Management14-16 14-4.14.2 Vertigo.14-16 14-4.15 Unconscious Diver on the Bottom 14-16 14-4.16 Decompression Sickness in theWater 14-18 14-4.16.1 Decompression Sickness Deeper than 30 fsw14-18 14-4.16.2 Decompression Sickness at 30 fsw and Shallower14-18 14-4.17 Decompression Sickness During the Surface Interval. 14-19 14-5 CHARTING SURFACE SUPPLIED HELIUM OXYGEN DIVES 14-19 14-5.1 Charting an HeO2Dive. 14-19 15 SATURATION DIVING 15-1 INTRODUCTION 15-1 15-1.1 Purpose.. 15-1 15-1.2 Scope. 15-1 15-2 APPLICATIONS 15-1 15-3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A SATURATION DIVE SYSTEM 15-1 15-3.1 Personnel Transfer Capsule 15-1 15-3.1.1 Gas Supplies.15-1 15-3.1.2 PTC Pressurization/Depressurization System.15-2 15-3.1.3 PTC Life-Support System.15-3 15-3.1.4 Electrical System.15-3 15-3.1.5 Communications System15-3 15-3.1.6 Strength, Power, and Communications Cables (SPCCs).15-3 15-3.1.7 PTC Main Umbilical..15-3 15-3.1.8 Diver Hot Water System...15-3 15-3.2 Deck Decompression Chamber (DDC) 15-3 15-3.2.1 DDC Life-Support System (LSS)..15-4 15-3.2.2 Sanitary System..15-4 15-3.2.3 Fire Suppression System.15-4 15-3.2.4 Main Control Console (MCC)..15-4 15-3.2.5 Gas Supply Mixing and Storage.15-4 15-3.3 PTC Handling Systems 15-4 15-3.3.1 Handling System Characteristics..15-5 15-3.4 Saturation Mixed-Gas Diving Equipment 15-5 15-4 U.S. NAVY SATURATION FACILITIES. 15-5 15-4.1 Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU), Panama City, FL. 15-5 15-4.2 Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (NSMRL), New London, CT. 15-6 15-5 INTRODUCTION 15-6 15-6 THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM. 15-9 15-6.1 Diver Heating.. 15-9 15-6.2 Inspired Gas Heating 15-9 15-7 SATURATION DIVING UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS 15-10 15-8 UBA GAS USAGE. 15-11 15-8.1 Specific Dives. 15-11 15-8.2 Emergency Gas Supply Duration 15-12 15-8.3 Gas Composition.. 15-13 15-9 INTRODUCTION 15-14 15-10 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 15-14 15-10.1 Dive Team Selection 15-14 15-10.2 Mission Training. 15-14 15-11 SELECTION OF STORAGE DEPTH. 15-15 15-12 RECORDS 15-16 15-12.1 Command Diving Log. 15-16 15-12.2 Master Protocol 15-16 15-12.2.1 Modifications..15-16 15-12.2.2 Elements..15-16 15-12.3 Chamber Atmosphere Data Sheet 15-16 15-12.4 Service Lock. 15-17 15-12.5 Machinery Log/Gas Status Report 15-17 15-12.6 Operational Procedures (OPs). 15-17 15-12.7 Emergency Procedures (EPs) 15-17 15-12.8 Individual Dive Record 15-17 15-13 LOGISTICS 15-17 15-14 DDC AND PTC ATMOSPHERE CONTROL 15-18 15-15 GAS SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS 15-18 15-15.1 UBA Gas 15-19 15-15.2 Emergency Gas 15-19 15-15.3 Treatment Gases. 15-19 15-16 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL. 15-19 15-17 FIRE ZONE CONSIDERATIONS 15-20 15-18 HYGIENE. 15-21 15-18.1 Personal Hygiene. 15-21 15-18.2 Prevention of External Ear Infections. 15-21 15-18.3 Chamber Cleanliness. 15-22 15-18.4 Food Preparation and Handling. 15-22 15-19 ATMOSPHERE QUALITY CONTROL 15-22 15-19.1 Gaseous Contaminants.. 15-22 15-19.2 Initial Unmanned Screening Procedures.. 15-22 15-20 COMPRESSION PHASE 15-24 15-20.1 Establishing Chamber Oxygen Partial Pressure.. 15-24 15-20.2 Compression to Storage Depth 15-24 15-20.3 Precautions During Compression. 15-25 15-20.4 Abort Procedures During Compression. 15-25 15-21 STORAGE DEPTH 15-25 15-21.1 Excursion Table Examples. 15-28 15-21.2 PTC Diving Procedures 15-29 15-21.2.1 PTC Deployment Procedures.15-29 15-22 DEEP DIVING SYSTEM (DDS) EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 15-31 15-22.1 Loss of Chamber Atmosphere Control. 15-31 15-22.1.1 Loss of Oxygen Control15-31 15-22.1.2 Loss of Carbon Dioxide Control15-31 15-22.1.3 Atmosphere Contamination15-31 15-22.1.4 Interpretation of the Analysis.15-31 15-22.1.5 Loss of Temperature Control15-32 15-22.2 Loss of Depth Control. 15-32 15-22.3 Fire in the DDC. 15-32 15-22.4 PTC Emergencies. 15-33 15-23 SATURATION DECOMPRESSION. 15-33 15-23.1 Upward Excursion Depth.. 15-33 15-23.2 Travel Rate. 15-33 15-23.3 Post-Excursion Hold. 15-33 15-23.4 Rest Stops.. 15-33 15-23.5 Saturation Decompression Rates. 15-34 15-23.6 Atmosphere Control at Shallow Depths. 15-34 15-23.7 Saturation DiveMission Abort 15-35 15-23.7.1 Emergency Cases..15-35 15-23.7.2 Emergency Abort Procedure..15-36 15-23.8 Decompression Sickness (DCS) 15-37 15-23.8.1 Type I Decompression Sickness..15-37 15-23.8.2 Type II Decompressions Sickness.15-39 15-24 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES. 15-39 16 BREATHING GAS MIXING PROCEDURES 16-1 INTRODUCTION 16-1 16-1.1 Purpose. 16-1 16-1.2 Scope. 16-1 16-2 MIXING PROCEDURES 16-1 16-2.1 Mixing by Partial Pressure 16-1 16-2.2 Ideal-Gas Method Mixing Procedure 16-2 16-2.3 Adjustment of Oxygen Percentage. 16-5 16-2.3.1 Increasing the Oxygen Percentage..16-5 16-2.3.2 Reducing the Oxygen Percentage.16-6 16-2.4 Continuous-Flow Mixing 16-7 16-2.5 Mixing by Volume. 16-7 16-2.6 Mixing byWeight 16-8 16-3 GAS ANALYSIS 16-8 16-3.1 Instrument Selection. 16-9 16-3.2 Techniques for Analyzing Constituents of a Gas 16-9 17 CLOSED-CIRCUIT MIXED-GAS UBA DIVING 17-1 INTRODUCTION 17-1 17-1.1 Purpose.. 17-1 17-1.2 Scope. 17-1 17-2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION. 17-1 17-2.1 Recirculation and Carbon Dioxide Removal 17-2 17-2.1.1 Recirculating Gas..17-2 17-2.1.2 Full Face Mask..17-2 17-2.1.3 Carbon Dioxide Scrubber17-3 17-2.1.4 Diaphragm Assembly17-3 17-2.1.5 Recirculation System17-3 17-2.2 Gas Addition, Exhaust, and Monitoring.. 17-4 17-2.3 Advantages of Closed-Circuit Mixed-Gas UBA.. 17-5 17-3 USN CLOSED-CIRCUIT MIXED-GAS UBA 17-5 17-3.1 Diving Safety.. 17-5 17-3.2 MK 16 UBA Basic Systems.. 17-5 17-3.3 Housing System. 17-5 17-3.4 Recirculation System. 17-6 17-3.4.1 Closed-Circuit Subassembly.17-6 17-3.4.2 Scrubber Functions.17-6 17-3.5 Pneumatics System. 17-6 17-3.6 Electronics System. 17-6 17-3.6.1 Oxygen Sensing..17-7 17-3.6.2 Oxygen Control.17-7 17-3.6.3 Displays.17-7 17-4 OPERATIONAL PLANNING. 17-8 17-4.1 Operating Limitations. 17-9 17-4.1.1 Oxygen Flask Endurance17-11 17-4.1.2 Diluent Flask Endurance.17-12 17-4.1.3 Canister Duration17-13 17-4.1.4 Thermal Protection..17-13 17-4.2 Equipment Requirements. 17-13 17-4.2.1 Distance Line.17-15 17-4.2.2 Standby Diver17-15 17-4.2.3 Lines.17-15 17-4.2.4 Marking of Lines..17-15 17-4.2.5 DiverMarker Buoy.17-15 17-4.2.6 Depth Gauge/Wrist Watch.17-15 17-4.3 Recompression Chamber Considerations 17-15 17-4.4 Diving Procedures for MK 16. 17-15 17-4.4.1 Employing a Single, Untended EOD Diver17-16 17-4.4.2 Simulated Training Scenarios..17-16 17-4.4.3 EOD Standard Safety Procedures.17-16 17-4.4.4 Diving Methods...17-16 17-4.5 Ship Safety. 17-17 17-4.6 Operational Area Clearance. 17-17 17-5 PREDIVE PROCEDURES. 17-17 17-5.1 Diving Supervisor Brief. 17-17 17-5.2 Diving Supervisor Check 17-17 17-6 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT 17-19 17-7 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES 17-19 17-7.1 General Guidelines. 17-19 17-7.2 At Depth. 17-19 17-8 ASCENT PROCEDURES 17-21 17-9 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES. 17-21 17-10 DECOMPRESSION PROCEDURES. 17-21 17-10.1 Use of Constant ppO2 Decompression Tables. 17-21 17-10.2 Monitoring ppO2. 17-21 17-10.3 Rules for Using 0.7 ata Constant ppO2 in Nitrogen and in Helium Decompression Tables. 17-22 17-10.4 PPO2 Variances. 17-23 17-10.5 Emergency Breathing System (EBS) 17-29 17-10.5.1 EBS Type I..17-29 17-10.5.2 EBS Type II MK 1 Mod 0..17-29 17-10.5.3 Required Gas Supply for the EBS..17-29 17-10.5.4 EBS Deployment Procedures.17-35 17-10.6 Omitted Decompression. 17-35 17-10.6.1 At 20 fsw or Shallower..17-35 17-10.6.2 Deeper than 20 fsw..17-36 17-10.6.3 Deeper than 20 fsw/No Recompression Chamber Available..17-37 17-10.6.4 Evidence of Decompression Sickness or Arterial Gas Embolism..17-37 17-11 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT MIXED-GAS UBA. 17-37 17-11.1 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity. 17-37 17-11.1.1 Preventing CNS Oxygen Toxicity.17-37 17-11.1.2 Symptoms of CNS Oxygen Toxicity.17-38 17-11.1.3 Treating Nonconvulsive Symptoms of CNS Oxygen Toxicity.17-38 17-11.1.4 Treating CNS Oxygen Toxicity Convulsions.17-38 17-11.2 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia) 17-39 17-11.2.1 Causes of Hypoxia.17-39 17-11.2.2 Symptoms of Hypoxia.17-39 17-11.2.3 Treating Hypoxia..17-39 17-11.2.4 Treatment of Hypoxic Divers Requiring Decompression17-39 17-11.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia) 17-39 17-11.3.1 Symptoms of Hypercapnia17-40 17-11.3.2 Treating Hypercapnia17-40 17-11.4 Chemical Injury 17-40 17-11.4.1 Causes of Chemical Injury17-40 17-11.4.2 Symptoms of Chemical Injury17-40 17-11.4.3 Management of a Chemical Incident17-40 17-11.5 Decompression Sickness in theWater 17-41 17-11.5.1 Diver Remaining in Water.17-41 17-11.5.2 Diver Leaving the Water.17-42 18 CLOSED-CIRCUIT OXYGEN UBA DIVING 18-1 INTRODUCTION 18-1 18-1.1 Purpose.. 18-1 18-1.2 Scope. 18-1 18-2 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT OXYGEN DIVING. 18-1 18-2.1 Oxygen Toxicity.. 18-2 18-2.1.1 Off-Effect.18-2 18-2.1.2 Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity18-2 18-2.1.3 Symptoms of CNS Oxygen Toxicity18-2 18-2.1.4 Causes of CNS Oxygen Toxicity.18-3 18-2.1.5 Treatment of Nonconvulsive Symptoms18-4 18-2.1.6 Treatment of Underwater Convulsion18-4 18-2.2 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia). 18-4 18-2.2.1 Causes of Hypoxia with the MK 25 UBA.18-5 18-2.2.2 Underwater Purge.18-5 18-2.2.3 MK 25 UBA Purge Procedure.18-5 18-2.2.4 Symptoms of Hypoxia.18-5 18-2.2.5 Treatment of Hypoxia18-6 18-2.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia) 18-6 18-2.3.1 Symptoms of Hypercapnia18-6 18-2.3.2 Treating Hypercapnia18-6 18-2.3.3 Avoiding Hypercapnia18-7 18-2.4 Chemical Injury 18-7 18-2.4.1 Causes of Chemical Injury18-7 18-2.4.2 Symptoms of Chemical Injury18-7 18-2.4.3 Management of a Chemical Incident18-8 18-2.5 Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome. 18-8 18-2.5.1 Symptoms of Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome18-8 18-2.5.2 Treating Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome18-9 18-3 MK 25 (DRAEGER LAR V UBA) 18-9 18-3.1 Gas Flow Path 18-9 18-3.1.1 Breathing Loop..18-10 18-3.2 Operational Duration of the MK 25 UBA 18-11 18-3.2.1 Oxygen Supply.18-11 18-3.2.2 Canister Duration.18-11 18-3.3 Packing Precautions. 18-12 18-3.4 Preventing Caustic Solutions in the Canister. 18-12 18-3.5 References. 18-12 18-4 CLOSED-CIRCUIT OXYGEN EXPOSURE LIMITS 18-13 18-4.1 Transit with Excursion Limits Table.. 18-13 18-4.2 Single-Depth Oxygen Exposure Limits Table. 18-13 18-4.3 Oxygen Exposure Limit Testing. 18-13 18-4.4 Individual Oxygen Susceptibility Precautions. 18-13 18-4.5 Transit with Excursion Limits.. 18-14 18-4.5.1 Transit with Excursion Limits Definitions..18-14 18-4.5.2 Transit with Excursion Rules..18-15 18-4.5.3 Inadvertent Excursions.18-15 18-4.6 Single-Depth Limits. 18-16 18-4.6.1 Single-Depth Limits Definitions..18-16 18-4.6.2 Depth/Time Limits.18-16 18-4.7 Exposure Limits for Successive Oxygen Dives 18-16 18-4.7.1 Definitions for Successive Oxygen Dives...18-16 18-4.7.2 Off-Oxygen Exposure Limit Adjustments..18-17 18-4.8 Exposure Limits for Oxygen Dives Following Mixed-Gas or Air Dives. 18-18 18-4.8.1 Mixed-Gas to Oxygen Rule..18-18 18-4.8.2 Oxygen to Mixed-Gas Rule..18-18 18-4.9 Oxygen Diving at High Elevations 18-18 18-4.10 Flying After Oxygen Diving. 18-18 18-4.11 Combat Operations 18-18 18-4.12 References for Additional Information. 18-18 18-5 OPERATIONS PLANNING 18-19 18-5.1 Operating Limitations 18-19 18-5.2 Maximizing Operational Range 18-19 18-5.3 Training 18-20 18-5.4 Personnel Requirements 18-20 18-5.5 Equipment Requirements. 18-21 18-5.6 Transport and Storage of Prepared UBA. 18-21 18-5.7 Predive Precautions 18-22 18-6 PREDIVE PROCEDURES. 18-23 18-6.1 Equipment Preparation 18-23 18-6.2 Diving Supervisor Brief. 18-23 18-6.3 Diving Supervisor Check 18-23 18-6.3.1 First Phase..18-23 18-6.3.2 Second Phase.18-23 18-7 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT 18-24 18-7.1 Purge Procedure 18-24 18-7.2 Turtleback Emergency Descent Procedure. 18-25 18-7.3 Avoiding Purge Procedure Errors 18-25 18-7.4 References for Additional Information.. 18-25 18-8 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES. 18-26 18-8.1 General Guidelines. 18-26 18-8.2 UBA Malfunction Procedures. 18-27 18-9 ASCENT PROCEDURES 18-27 18-10 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES AND DIVE DOCUMENTATION 18-27 19 DIVING DISORDERS NOT REQUIRING RECOMPRESSION THERAPY 19-1 INTRODUCTION 19-1 19-1.1 Purpose.. 19-1 19-1.2 Scope. 19-1 19-2 BREATHING GAS DISORDERS 19-1 19-2.1 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia). 19-1 19-2.1.1 Causes of Hypoxia19-2 19-2.1.2 Treating Hypoxia.19-2 19-2.1.3 Unconsciousness Due to Hypoxia.19-2 19-2.1.4 Treating Hypoxia in Specific Operational Environments.19-2 19-2.2 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.. 19-2 19-2.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia) 19-2 19-2.3.1 Causes of Carbon Dioxide Buildup.19-3 19-2.3.2 Treating Hypercapnia19-3 19-2.3.3 Treating Hypercapnia in Specific Operational Environments..19-3 19-2.4 Oxygen Toxicity.. 19-3 19-2.4.1 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity.19-3 19-2.4.2 Symptoms of CNS Oxygen Toxicity19-4 19-2.4.3 Treating a Tethered Diver.19-4 19-2.4.4 Treating a Free-Swimming Diver19-4 19-2.4.5 Treatment for CNS Convulsions19-4 19-2.4.6 Treating CNS Oxygen Toxicity in Specific Operational Environments..19-5 19-2.5 Nitrogen Narcosis. 19-5 19-2.5.1 Symptoms of Nitrogen Narcosis...19-5 19-2.5.2 Treatment of Nitrogen Narcosis..19-5 19-2.5.3 Nitrogen Narcosis in MK 16..19-5 19-2.6 Hyperventilation 19-5 19-2.7 Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea) 19-5 19-3 PULMONARY OVERINFLATION SYNDROMES 19-6 19-3.1 Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema 19-6 19-3.1.1 Causes of Subcutaneous Emphysema..19-6 19-3.1.2 Treatment of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema..19-6 19-3.2 Pneumothorax 19-7 19-3.2.1 Symptoms of Pneumothorax..19-7 19-3.2.2 Treating Pneumothorax..19-7 19-3.3 Prevention of Pulmonary Overinflation Syndrome 19-7 19-4 BAROTRAUMA. 19-8 19-4.1 Squeeze. 19-8 19-4.1.1 Treating Squeeze During Descent.19-9 19-4.1.2 Treating Reverse Squeeze During Ascent.19-9 19-4.1.3 Preventing Squeeze.19-9 19-4.1.4.19-10 19-4.2 Gastrointestinal Distention as a Result of Gas Expansion 19-10 19-4.2.1 Treating Intestinal Gas Expansion..19-10 19-4.2.2 Preventing Intestinal Gas Expansion.19-10 19-4.3 Ear Barotrauma. 19-10 19-4.3.1 Eardrum Rupture..19-10 19-4.3.2 Inner Ear Barotrauma.19-10 19-4.4 Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome 19-11 19-4.4.1 Symptoms of Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome..19-11 19-4.4.2 Treating Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome..19-11 19-5 DISORDERS OF HIGHER FUNCTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 19-11 19-5.1 Vertigo. 19-11 19-5.1.1 Transient Vertigo..19-12 19-5.1.2 Persistent Vertigo..19-12 19-5.2 Unconscious Diver on the Bottom 19-12 19-6 NEAR DROWNING 19-13 19-6.1 Causes and Prevention 19-13 19-6.1.1 Drowning in Hard-Hat Diving..19-13 19-6.1.2 Drowning in Lightweight or Scuba Diving...19-13 19-6.1.3 Prevention of Drowning..19-13 19-6.2 Treatment 19-13 19-7 THERMAL STRESS 19-14 19-7.1 Hyperthermia 19-14 19-7.1.1 Mild to Moderate Hyperthermia.19-14 19-7.1.2 Severe Hyperthermia.19-14 19-7.1.3 Cooling Measures.19-14 19-7.2 Hypothermia. 19-14 19-7.2.1 Mild Hypothermia.19-15 19-7.2.2 Severe Hypothermia.19-15 19-7.2.3 Rewarming Techniques19-15 19-7.3 Physiological Effects of Exposure to Cold Water. 19-15 19-8 OPERATIONAL HAZARDS 19-16 19-8.1 Uncontrolled Ascent. 19-16 19-8.2 Otitis Externa 19-16 19-8.2.1 External Ear Prophylaxis.19-17 19-8.2.2 Occluded External Ear Canal..19-17 19-8.3 Underwater Trauma 19-17 19-8.4 Injuries Caused by Marine Life. 19-17 19-8.5 Communicable Diseases and Sanitization. 19-17 19-9 MEDICATIONS AND DIVING 19-18 20 DIVING DISORDERS REQUIRING RECOMPRESSION THERAPY 20-1 INTRODUCTION 20-1 20-1.1 Purpose.. 20-1 20-1.2 Scope. 20-1 20-2 ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM 20-1 20-2.1 Arterial EmbolismDevelopment. 20-1 20-2.2 Unconsciousness Caused by Arterial Gas Embolism.. 20-2 20-2.3 Neurological Symptoms of Arterial Gas Embolism. 20-2 20-2.4 Additional Symptoms of Arterial Gas Embolism. 20-2 20-2.5 Neurological Examination Guidelines. 20-2 20-2.6 Administering Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the Embolized Diver. 20-3 20-2.7 Prevention of Arterial Gas Embolism. 20-3 20-3 DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS 20-4 20-3.1 Initial Episode of Decompression Sickness. 20-4 20-3.2 Differentiating Type I and Type II Symptoms. 20-5 20-3.3 Type I Decompression Sickness 20-5 20-3.3.1 Musculoskeletal Pain-Only Symptoms..20-5 20-3.3.2 Cutaneous (Skin) Symptoms.20-6 20-3.3.3 Lymphatic Symptoms..20-6 Table of Contents Change A xli 20-3.4 Type II Decompression Sickness. 20-6 20-3.4.1 Differentiating Between Type II DCS and AGE..20-6 20-3.4.2 Type II Symptom Categories..20-6 20-3.5 Time Course of Symptoms. 20-7 20-3.5.1 Onset of Symptoms..20-7 20-3.5.2 Dive History..20-7 20-3.5.3 When Treatment Is Not Necessary..20-7 20-3.6 Altitude Decompression Sickness 20-8 20-3.6.1 Joint Pain Treatment..20-8 20-3.6.2 Transfer and Treatment..20-8 21 RECOMPRESSION THERAPY 21-1 INTRODUCTION 21-1 21-1.1 Purpose. 21-1 21-1.2 Scope. 21-1 21-1.3 Diving Supervisor’s Responsibilities. 21-1 21-1.4 Emergency Consultation. 21-1 21-1.5 Applicability of Recompression. 21-2 21-1.6 Recompression Treatment for Non-Diving Disorders. 21-2 21-1.7 Primary Objectives. 21-3 21-1.8 Guidance on Recompressed Treatment. 21-4 21-1.9 In-Water or Air Recompression. 21-5 21-2 PRESCRIBING AND MODIFYING TREATMENTS. 21-5 21-3 OMITTED DECOMPRESSION 21-5 21-3.1 Planned and Unplanned Omitted Decompression. 21-5 21-3.2 Treating Omitted Decompression with Symptoms. 21-6 21-3.3 Treating Omitted Decompression in Specific Operational Environments. 21-7 21-3.4 Ascent from 20 Feet or Shallower (Shallow Surfacing) with Decompression Stops Required. 21-7 21-3.5 Ascent from 20 Feet or Shallower with No Decompression Stops Required. 21-7 21-3.6 Ascent from Deeper than 20 Feet (Uncontrolled Ascent). 21-7 21-3.6.1 Asymptomatic Uncontrolled Ascent..21-7 21-3.6.2 Development of Symptoms..21-8 21-3.6.3 In-Water Procedure..21-8 21-3.6.4 Symptomatic Uncontrolled Ascent..21-8 21-4 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENTS WHEN NO RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER IS AVAILABLE 21-8 21-4.1 Transporting the Patient. 21-9 21-4.1.1 Medical Treatment During Transport..21-9 21-4.1.2 Transport by Unpressurized Aircraft.21-9 21-4.1.3 Communications with Chamber.21-9 21-4.2 In-Water Recompression 21-9 21-4.2.1 Surface Oxygen Treatment.21-9 21-4.2.2 In-Water Recompression Using Air.21-10 21-4.2.3 In-Water Recompression Using Oxygen.21-10 21-4.2.4 Symptoms After In-Water Recompression..21-11 21-4.3 Symptoms During Decompression (No Chamber Available). 21-11 21-5 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENTS WHEN CHAMBER IS AVAILABLE. 21-11 21-5.1 Symptoms During Decompression and Surface Decompression (Recompression Chamber Available).. 21-11 21-5.1.1 Treatment During Surface-Supplied HEO2 and MK 16 Operations.21-11 21-5.1.2 Treatment of Symptoms During Sur-D Surface Interval.21-11 21-5.1.3 Treating for Exceeded Sur-D Surface Interval.21-12 21-5.2 Recompression TreatmentsWhen Oxygen Is Not Available. 21-12 21-5.2.1 Descent/Ascent Rates for Air Treatment Tables.21-12 21-5.3 Treatment at Altitude 21-12 21-5.4 Recompression TreatmentsWhen Oxygen Is Available.. 21-12 21-5.4.1 Treatment Table 5.21-12 21-5.4.2 Treatment Table 6.21-13 21-5.4.3 Treatment Table 6A21-14 21-5.4.4 Treatment Table 4.21-14 21-5.4.5 Treatment Table 7.21-15 21-5.4.6 Treatment Table 8.21-17 21-5.4.7 Treatment Table 9.21-17 21-5.5 Tending the Patient.. 21-18 21-5.5.1 DMO or DMT Inside Tender..21-18 21-5.5.2 Use of DMO.21-18 21-5.5.3 Patient Positioning.21-19 21-5.5.4 Equalizing During Descent..21-19 21-5.5.5 Inside Tender Responsibilities.21-19 21-5.5.6 Oxygen Breathing and Toxicity During Treatments.21-19 21-5.5.7 Ancillary Care and Adjunctive Treatments..21-21 21-5.5.8 Sleeping and Eating..21-22 21-5.6 Recompression Chamber Life-Support Considerations. 21-22 21-5.6.1 Minimum Manning Requirements21-22 21-5.6.2 Optimum Manning Requirements21-22 21-5.6.3 Oxygen Control.21-23 21-5.6.4 Carbon Dioxide Control.21-23 21-5.6.5 Temperature Control.21-24 21-5.6.6 Chamber Ventilation.21-25 21-5.6.7 Access to Chamber Occupants.21-25 21-5.6.8 Inside Tenders.21-25 21-5.7 Loss of Oxygen During Treatment. 21-26 21-5.7.1 Compensation.21-26 21-5.7.2 Switching to Air Treatment Table..21-27 21-5.8 Use of High Oxygen Mixes. 21-27 21-5.9 Treatment at Altitude - Tender Considerations 21-27 21-6 POST-TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS. 21-28 21-6.1 Post-Treatment Observation Period. 21-28 21-6.2 Post-Treatment Transfer. 21-28 21-6.3 Inside Tenders.. 21-29 21-6.4 Flying After Treatments. 21-29 21-6.4.1 Emergency Air Evacuation...21-29 21-6.4.2 Tender Surface Interval..21-29 21-6.5 Treatment of Residual Symptoms. 21-29 21-6.5.1 Additional Recompression Treatments..21-29 21-6.6 Returning to Diving after Treatment Table 5. 21-30 21-6.6.1 Returning to Diving After Treatment Table 6..21-30 21-6.6.2 Returning to Diving After Treatment Table 4 or 7...21-30 21-7 NON-STANDARD TREATMENTS. 21-30 21-8 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENT ABORT PROCEDURES 21-30 21-8.1 Death During Treatment. 21-30 21-8.2 Oxygen Breathing Periods During Abort Procedure. 21-31 21-8.3 Impending Natural Disasters or Mechanical Failures. 21-31 21-9 EMERGENCY MEDICAL EQUIPMENT 21-31 21-9.1 Primary Emergency Kit. 21-31 21-9.2 Emergency Kits. 21-32 21-9.2.1 Primary Emergency Kit...21-32 21-9.2.2 Secondary Emergency Kit..21-35 21-9.2.3 Portable Monitor-Defibrillator..21-35 21-9.3 Use of Emergency Kits. 21-35 21-9.3.1 Modification of Emergency Kits..21-35 22 RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER OPERATION 22-1 INTRODUCTION 22-1 22-1.1 Purpose. 22-1 22-1.2 Scope. 22-1 22-2 DESCRIPTION. 22-1 22-2.1 Basic Requirements 22-1 22-2.1.1 Chamber Volume..22-6 22-2.2 Modernized Chamber. 22-6 22-2.3 Transportable Recompression Chamber System (TRCS) 22-6 22-2.4 Fly Away Recompression Chamber (FARCC). 22-6 22-2.5 Standard Features. 22-7 22-2.5.1 Labeling.22-8 22-2.5.2 Inlet and Exhaust Ports.22-8 22-2.5.3 Pressure Gauges.22-9 22-2.5.4 Relief Valves.22-9 22-2.5.5 Communications System.22-9 22-2.5.6 Lighting Fixtures..22-9 22-3 STATE OF READINESS 22-11 22-4 GAS SUPPLY 22-11 22-4.1 Capacity. 22-11 22-5 OPERATION 22-12 22-5.1 Predive Checklist 22-12 22-5.2 Safety Precautions. 22-12 22-5.3 General Operating Procedures 22-15 22-5.3.1 Tender Change-Out.22-15 22-5.3.2 Lock-In Operations..22-15 22-5.3.3 Lock-Out Operations.22-15 22-5.3.4 Gag Valves.22-16 22-5.4 Ventilation 22-16 22-5.4.1 Chamber Ventilation Bill22-16 22-5.4.2 Notes on Chamber Ventilation.22-18 22-6 CHAMBER MAINTENANCE. 22-19 22-6.1 Postdive Checklist 22-19 22-6.2 Scheduled Maintenance. 22-19 22-6.2.1 Inspections..22-19 22-6.2.2 Corrosion.22-19 22-6.2.3 Painting Steel Chambers.22-21 22-6.2.4 Recompression Chamber Paint Process Instruction.22-25 22-6.2.5 AluminumChambers.22-25 22-6.2.6 Fire Hazard Prevention.22-25 22-7 DIVER CANDIDATE PRESSURE TEST. 22-26 22-7.1 Candidate Requirements. 22-26 22-7.2 Procedure. 22-26 22-7.2.1 References..22-27 5A NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION 5A-1 INTRODUCTION 5A-1 5A-2 INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF DIVING INJURIES 5A-1 5A-3 NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 5A-2 5A-3.1 Mental Status 5A-5 5A-3.2 Coordination (Cerebellar/Inner Ear Function) 5A-5 5A-3.3 Cranial Nerves 5A-6 5A-3.4 Motor. 5A-7 5A-3.4.1 Extremity Strength.5A-8 5A-3.4.2 Muscle Size.5A-8 5A-3.4.3 Muscle Tone..5A-8 5A-3.4.4 Involuntary Movements.5A-8 5A-3.5 Sensory Function 5A-8 5A-3.5.1 Sensory Examination.5A-10 5A-3.5.2 Sensations.5A-10 5A-3.5.3 Instruments..5A-10 5A-3.5.4 Testing the Trunk.5A-10 5A-3.5.5 Testing Limbs.5A-10 5A-3.5.6 Testing the Hands.5A-10 5A-3.5.7 Marking Abnormalities.5A-10 5A-3.6 Deep Tendon Reflexes. 5A-10 5B FIRST AID 5B-1 INTRODUCTION 5B-1 5B-2 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION 5B-1 5B-3 CONTROL OF MASSIVE BLEEDING. 5B-1 5B-3.1 External Arterial Hemorrhage. 5B-1 5B-3.2 Direct Pressure. 5B-1 5B-3.3 Pressure Points. 5B-1 5B-3.3.1 Pressure Point Location on Face.5B-2 5B-3.3.2 Pressure Point Location for Shoulder or Upper Arm.5B-2 5B-3.3.3 Pressure Point Location for Middle Arm and Hand.5B-2 5B-3.3.4 Pressure Point Location for Thigh.5B-2 5B-3.3.5 Pressure Point Location for Foot.5B-2 5B-3.3.6 Pressure Point Location for Temple or Scalp..5B-2 5B-3.3.7 Pressure Point Location for Neck..5B-2 5B-3.3.8 Pressure Point Location for Lower Arm.5B-2 5B-3.3.9 Pressure Point Location of the Upper Thigh.5B-2 5B-3.3.10 Pressure Point Location Between Knee and Foot.5B-4 5B-3.3.11 Determining Correct Pressure Point..5B-4 5B-3.3.12 When to Use Pressure Points.5B-4 5B-3.4 Tourniquet 5B-4 5B-3.4.1 How to Make a Tourniquet.5B-4 5B-3.4.2 Tightness of Tourniquet.5B-5 5B-3.4.3 After Bleeding is Under Control.5B-5 5B-3.4.4 Points to Remember..5B-5 5B-3.5 External Venous Hemorrhage. 5B-6 5B-3.6 Internal Bleeding 5B-6 5B-3.6.1 Treatment of Internal Bleeding...5B-6 5B-4 SHOCK 5B-6 5B-4.1 Signs and Symptoms of Shock 5B-6 5B-4.2 Treatment. 5B-7 5C DANGEROUS MARINE ANIMALS 5C-1 INTRODUCTION 5C-1 5C-1.1 Purpose.. 5C-1 5C-1.2 Scope. 5C-1 5C-2 PREDATORY MARINE ANIMALS 5C-1 5C-2.1 Sharks 5C-1 5C-2.1.1 Shark Pre-Attack Behavior...5C-1 5C-2.1.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-1 5C-2.2 KillerWhales 5C-3 5C-2.2.1 Prevention..5C-4 5C-2.2.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-4 5C-2.3 Barracuda. 5C-4 5C-2.3.1 Prevention..5C-4 5C-2.3.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-4 5C-2.4 Moray Eels. 5C-4 5C-2.4.1 Prevention..5C-5 5C-2.4.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-5 5C-2.5 Sea Lions. 5C-5 5C-2.5.1 Prevention..5C-5 5C-2.5.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-5 5C-3 VENOMOUS MARINE ANIMALS 5C-6 5C-3.1 Venomous Fish (Excluding Stonefish, Zebrafish, Scorpionfish) 5C-6 5C-3.1.1 Prevention..5C-6 5C-3.1.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-6 5C-3.2 Highly Toxic Fish (Stonefish, Zebra-fish, Scorpionfish) 5C-7 5C-3.2.1 Prevention..5C-7 5C-3.2.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-7 5C-3.3 Stingrays 5C-9 5C-3.3.1 Prevention..5C-9 5C-3.3.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-9 5C-3.4 Coelenterates. 5C-9 5C-3.4.1 Prevention..5C-10 5C-3.4.2 Avoidance of Tentacles..5C-10 5C-3.4.3 Protection Against Jellyfish.5C-10 5C-3.4.4 First Aid and Treatment.5C-10 5C-3.4.5 Symptomatic Treatment.5C-11 5C-3.4.6 Anaphylaxis.5C-11 5C-3.4.7 Antivenin..5C-11 5C-3.5 Coral.5C-11 5C-3.5.1 Prevention.5C-11 5C-3.5.2 Protection Against Coral..5C-11 5C-3.5.3 First Aid and Treatment.5C-11 5C-3.6 Octopuses5C-12 5C-3.6.1 Prevention.5C-13 5C-3.6.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-13 5C-3.7 Segmented Worms (Annelida) (Examples: Bloodworm, Bristleworm)5C-13 5C-3.7.1 Prevention.5C-13 5C-3.7.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-13 5C-3.8 Sea Urchins5C-14 5C-3.8.1 Prevention.5C-14 5C-3.8.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-14 5C-3.9 Cone Shells5C-15 5C-3.9.1 Prevention.5C-15 5C-3.9.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-15 5C-3.10 Sea Snakes5C-16 5C-3.10.1 Sea Snake Bite Effects..5C-16 5C-3.10.2 Prevention.5C-17 5C-3.10.3 First Aid and Treatment.5C-17 5C-3.11 Sponges5C-18 5C-3.11.1 Prevention.5C-18 5C-3.11.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-18 5C-4 POISONOUS MARINE ANIMALS.5C-18 5C-4.1 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning5C-18 5C-4.1.1 Prevention.5C-19 5C-4.1.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-19 5C-4.2 Scombroid Fish Poisoning5C-19 5C-4.2.1 Prevention.5C-20 5C-4.2.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-20 5C-4.3 Puffer (Fugu) Fish Poisoning5C-20 5C-4.3.1 Prevention.5C-20 5C-4.3.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-20 5C-4.4 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) (Red Tide)5C-20 5C-4.4.1 Symptoms.5C-21 5C-4.4.2 Prevention.5C-21 5C-4.4.3 First Aid and Treatment.5C-21 5C-4.5 Bacterial and Viral Diseases from Shellfish5C-21 5C-4.5.1 Prevention..5C-21 5C-4.5.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-21 5C-4.6 Sea Cucumbers 5C-22 5C-4.6.1 Prevention..5C-22 5C-4.6.2 First Aid and Treatment.5C-22 5C-4.7 Parasitic Infestation 5C-22 5C-4.7.1 Prevention..5C-22 5C-5 REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 5C-22